![]() An investigation focused on logging of Spanish cedar ( C. However, CITES protection does not entirely eliminate illegal harvesting. odorata and all species in the genus Cedrela were elevated to CITES Appendix II, due to the similarity of sawn logs and processed wood across species (Gasson 2011). odorata was listed under the protections of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix III requiring validated documentation of species identity and source for both export and import documentation, protecting populations in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, and Peru (Ferriss 2014), and in 2019, C. Meliaceae) and congeners are among the most valuable neotropical hardwoods, making them particularly vulnerable to illegal harvesting. Illegal logging affects many tree species, but highly valuable-often rare and endangered-species are common targets. Lacey Act European Union timber regulation Australian Illegal Logging Prohibition Act Japanese Clean Wood Act ), but these remain difficult to enforce because of the sheer scale of illegal logging, and the challenge of identifying protected species and their countries of origin, especially after wood is transported from the site of harvest, processed, and enters commercial markets (Dormontt et al. Laws are in place to protect economically valuable tree species from overexploitation and promote sustainable practices (e.g., U.S. Thirty-five to 72% of wood sourced in the Amazon is thought to be acquired from illegal logging (Saunders and Reeve 2014), and illegal logging accounts for 50–90% of forestry activities across tropical forests globally (Hoare 2015 Sheikh et al. 2015 Pennington and Lavin 2016 Dick and Pennington 2019). Forests of Central and South America (or “neotropical” forests) face the largest threat because they support the most terrestrial biodiversity, with an estimated 16,000 tree species contained within the Amazon rainforest alone (Pennington et al. Our study underscores the important role of herbaria for developing genomic resources, and joins a growing list of studies that highlight the role of genomic tools for conservation of threatened species.īiodiversity loss is of global concern, and is due in part to deforestation and high consumer demand for wood and wood products (Nellemann 2012 Elias 2012 van Zonneveld et al. odorata geographic origin at the continental scale and show promise for country-level verification, but that finer-scale assignment likely requires denser spatial sampling. Our results demonstrate that array SNPs and resulting genotypes accurately validate C. Continuous spatial prediction with SPASIBA showed a median prediction error of 188.7 km. ![]() Discrete classification with random forests readily differentiated specimens originating in Central America versus South America (5.8% error), while uncertainty increased as specimens were divided into smaller regions. Origin prediction error was evaluated with discrete and continuous spatial assignment methods focusing on C. We assessed the broad applicability of these SNPs on 356 specimens from eight Cedrela species, three tissue types, and a range of DNA mass inputs. odorata specimens by latitude, temperature, and precipitation. odorata specimens allowed us to identify 140 spatially informative SNPs that differentiate C. Target capture and short-read sequencing of 46 C. We developed a 140 SNP assay for geographic localization of C. The neotropical tree species Cedrela odorata (Spanish cedar) is economically valuable for its wood and faces threats of overexploitation. The legality of wood products often depends on their origin, creating a need for forensic tools that verify claims of provenance for wood products.
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